El análisis de orina constiuye una parte imprescindible en el diagnóstico de laboratorio de las enfermedades del aparato urinario del perro y del gato. Un análisis de orina básico consiste en la observación de su color y grado de turbidez, interpretación de la tira reactiva y observación al microscopio del sedimento urinario.
Es económico y brinda información importante en pacientes con enfermedad sistémica. Asimismo, está especialmente indicado en todos aquellos pacientes en los que se sospeche de enfermedad del aparato urinario. Para su análisis, la muestra de orina puede ser obtenida mediante varios métodos:
MANEJO Y CONSERVACIÓN DE LA MUESTRA
Los resultados del análisis de orina pueden verse afectados por el manejo que se le dé a la muestra. De forma ideal, la muestra de orina se debe obtener en un frasco estéril, opaco y que se pueda cerrar de forma hermética con 2 ml mínimo de muestra, para enviarla lo mas pronto posible dentro de los 30 minutos al laboratorio para su interpretación y, en el caso en el que tenga que ser refrigerada, debe llevarse a temperatura ambiente antes de hacer el análisis.
El analista debe conocer el método de obtención de la muestra, porque puede influir en su interpretación y los recipientes usados para transportar la muestra de orina, deben estar limpios y libres de detergentes y otros agentes limpiadores.
ANALISIS FISICO QUIMICO Y SEDIMENTO
Las características que se tienen en cuenta en el análisis fisico son: aspecto y color
- Aspecto: si la orina es límpida y transparente. La existencia de turbidez por presencia de células, cristales, cilindros, detritus, proteínas, grasas y moco en las muestras de orina. En ciertas circunstancias el aspecto de la orina puede indicar la presencia de enfermedades.
- Color: el color de la orina es amarillo, de acuerdo al grado de concentración, el color amarillo va desde claro hasta oscuro. Algunos colores en la orina tiene sus probables diagnósticos.
En el análisis quimico se realiza con tiras reactivas y genera resultados en segundos; estas, al tener contacto con las sustancias de la orina, producen reacciones químicas que son reflejadas en cambios en el color proporcionales a la concentración de las sustancias. Se determina ph, densidad, leucocitos, nitritos, hemoglobina, proteínas, glucosa, cetonas, bilirrubinas y urobilinógeno
El análisis del sedimento o microoscopico identifica componentes como células (escamosas, transición y tubulares), los cilindros, los cristales, también incluye los glóbulos rojos, glóbulos blancos, bacterias y levaduras y en conjunto lograr una correcta interpretación
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